1 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES Safeguarding Equality: Strategies for Canadian Police to Combat LGBTQ+ Hate Crimes Megha Ajitha j0463768 Post-Baccalaureate Diploma in Law Enforcement Studies, Justice Institute of British Columbia Author Note This paper was completed for LAWS-4003: Research Project, taught by Md Asif Hossain. Synchronously at New Westminster Campus. This paper is 6,634 words and submitted March 27, 2024 2 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES Abstract This research paper examines the escalating hate crimes against the LGBTQ+ community in Canada and explores strategies for Canadian law enforcement to enhance their responses. The research question focuses on how Canadian law enforcement can enhance their approaches to combat these hate crimes, with a sub-question exploring specific training programs for officers. Utilizing secondary research methodology, the study conducts a thorough literature review, identifying gaps and proposing recommendations. It investigates the challenges faced by law enforcement agencies in combating hate crimes against LGBTQ+ individuals and proposes comprehensive strategies to enhance police responses and foster community trust. The findings underline the critical need for specialized training, community engagement initiatives, clear hate crime protocols, and improved data collection mechanisms. The study concludes by providing practical recommendations for Canadian law enforcement agencies to prioritize training, engagement, and data-driven interventions in combating LGBTQ+ hate crimes. Keywords: LGBTQ+ hate crimes, law enforcement strategies, community engagement, sensitivity training, institutional factors. 3 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES Table of Contents Abstract......................................................................................................................................2 Background................................................................................................................................5 Problem Statement..................................................................................................................6 Research question...................................................................................................................7 Methodology..............................................................................................................................7 Literature Review.....................................................................................................................10 Perceptions and Interactions Between Law Enforcement and LGBTQ+ Communities......10 Training and Education for Law Enforcement.....................................................................12 Challenges and Complexities in Policing LGBTQ+ Communities......................................15 Institutional Factors Shaping Hate Crime Policing..............................................................17 Discussion................................................................................................................................19 Recommendations....................................................................................................................23 Conclusion................................................................................................................................25 References................................................................................................................................28 Table 1.....................................................................................................................................32 4 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES Safeguarding Equality: Strategies for Canadian Police to Combat LGBTQ+ Hate Crimes In Canada, the struggle for equality and acceptance of LGBTQ+ individuals have made significant progress in recent decades. People who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ+) face constant legal risks and uncertainty because of systemic human rights violations and the criminalization of same-sex behaviours in many countries (Giwa et al., 2020). Aiello (2023) reports that in a statement made on May 17, 2023, during the International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia, and Biphobia, Kofi Donkor, the director of LGBTQ+ Rights Ghana, emphasised the significance of Canada's external reputation. Donkor stressed that although Canada is respected worldwide, genuine respect for the nation can only be attained when everyone is treated with the same dignity and respect, regardless of background (Aiello, 2023, para. 11). Hate crime encompasses acts of violence and intimidation aimed at marginalized and stigmatized groups, intending to reinforce social hierarchies. These actions, which span from online hate speech to severe violence such as assault or homicide, impact not only individual victims but also target their communities, serving as a means to intimidate groups perceived as deviating from societal norms and held in low regard (Perry & Samuels-Wortley, 2021). The frequency of hate crimes against the LGBTQ+ community in Canada continues to be a serious concern. This trend undermines the country's reputation for being an inclusive nation worldwide, despite advancements in legislative protections. These protections include those found in the Criminal Code, the Canadian Human Rights Act, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, provincial and territorial laws, and legal recognition of same-sex marriage (Statistics Canada, 2023). This study examines the escalating LGBTQ+ hate crimes in Canada, aiming to uncover underlying issues, law enforcement's shortcomings, and potential enhancements. This paper uses a secondary research methodology to address these issues, 5 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES providing an overview of current practices by carefully reviewing existing literature on the LGBTQ+ community and Canadian police. Background According to Statistics Canada's (2023) report, there has been a concerning escalation in hate crimes directed at sexual orientation in Canada, with 265 incidents documented in 2019 escalating to 423 in 2021. The severity of the issue is underscored by the 259 hate crimes targeting perceived sexual orientation reported by law enforcement in 2020 (Statistics Canada, 2023). According to data from the Survey of Safety in Public and Private Spaces, despite accounting for only 4% of the population in 2018, the LGBTQ+ community is nearly three times more likely to be violently victimised than heterosexual people. Underreporting has been linked to issues of secondary victimisation and stigma (Statistics Canada, 2021). LGBTQ+ individuals may refrain from reporting harassment or assault to the police due to concerns of further victimization, contributing to the ineffectiveness of hate crime laws. Also, transgender individuals are significantly more likely to experience physical violence from law enforcement compared to cisgender individuals, with a substantial percentage encountering harassment and denial of equal services during interactions with the police (Vipond, 2015, p. 20). Law enforcement agencies play an important role in addressing and preventing hate crimes, with responses varying according to the agency's size and available resources. While larger agencies may have more flexibility, smaller ones may be limited by budget constraints (Perry & Samuels-Wortley, 2021). In addition, insufficient training makes a difference in how marginalised communities are treated, especially when it comes to the application of hate crime laws, which disproportionately affect transgender people. The situation is made worse by issues like apprehension about police involvement, a reluctance to report crimes, and 6 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES mistrust of the legal system (Ashley, 2018). The strained relationship between law enforcement and the LGBTQ+ community makes it difficult for victims of LGBTQ+ violence to seek help. Because it undermines mutual respect and communication between these two groups, harassment and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity exacerbate the problem. By looking at the ways in which the LGBTQ+ community engages with law enforcement and providing a platform for them to voice issues and suggest improvements for improved relationships (Hodge & Sexton, 2020). Problem Statement Law enforcement agencies face substantial challenges in the wake of the persistence of hate crimes against the LGBTQ+ community in Canada, despite notable progress. Vipond (2015) states that in order to effectively combat prejudice against the transgender community, coordinated efforts are required. These efforts should include the adoption of anti-transphobia education and training initiatives in a number of sectors, including government, healthcare, social services, education, and law enforcement. In order to guarantee accessibility for all people, regardless of gender identity, sex, race, class, or citizenship status, it is imperative to give education, healthcare, social services, and welfare programmes enough funding. Therefore, achieving equality necessitates systemic changes that address all forms of social inequality and state-sanctioned oppression (Vipond, 2015, p. 20). Insufficient training within Canadian police forces has resulted in enforcement failures, especially concerning LGBTQ+ individuals. This deficiency in training translates into ineffective tactics for combating LGBTQ+ hate crimes, ultimately leading to underreported incidents, diminished trust from the LGBTQ+ community, and inadequate prosecution of offenders (Ashley, 2018). Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop comprehensive and inclusive strategies specific to the unique needs of the LGBTQ+ community, enhancing police responses, fostering community trust, and safeguarding equality for all Canadians. 7 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES Research Question The research question raised in this study is: "How can Canadian law enforcement enhance their strategies to combat hate crimes against the LGBTQ+ community in Canada?" and the sub-question is: "What specific training programs and resources can be implemented within the police force to enhance officers' understanding of LGBTQ+ issues and improve their responsiveness to hate crimes?". This study aims to fill existing gaps in law enforcement's understanding of the LGBTQ+ community. It aims to increase law enforcement's efficacy in addressing and preventing LGBTQ+ hate crimes by examining existing procedures and possible remedies. The goal of the study is to enhance the relationship between the LGBTQ+ community and the Canadian police by promoting trust and facilitating a more efficient response to hate crimes against this community. This will be accomplished through policy recommendations and a focus on societal inclusivity. Methodology The research for this study involved evaluating existing literature. Searches were conducted online using the JIBC library EBSCO system and its databases, along with Google Scholar. Scholarly articles were chosen according to their relevance to the research question and based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Keywords such as "LGBTQ hate crimes" and "police training programs" were iteratively refined for inclusivity. Prioritizing peer-reviewed journals and reliable reports, approximately 50 relevant articles from the past decade were selected from over 25,000 initial findings. Inclusion criteria emphasized relevance, recent publications, and direct connection to the research question, while excluding non-peer-reviewed, non-English, and pre-2010 sources. Boolean operators and citation analysis enhanced the paper's depth and reliability. Table 1 illustrates the variability in search results based on the different search terms employed. 8 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES The initial search across various databases aimed to gather literature on LGBTQ hate crimes and law enforcement strategies. In the JIBC Library EBSCO Database, using the search term "LGBTQ hate crimes AND law enforcement strategies" yielded a substantial 466 results. However, to refine the search and enhance specificity, the term "LGBTQ sensitivity training" was added, resulting in a more focused set of 100 results. Similarly, when searching for police training programs related to LGBTQ issues, the initial broad search returned 300 results. To narrow down the search, the term "discrimination prevention" was included, emphasizing training programs that address discrimination against LGBTQ individuals. This revision led to a more targeted set of 240 results, facilitating a deeper exploration of relevant literature. In the Criminal Justice Database, the initial search for "Hate crime prevention AND LGBTQ" returned a substantial 4,238 results. To enhance specificity and inclusivity, variations of LGBTQ identifiers such as LGBTQ+ and LGBTQ2S+ were included in the revised search. This expansion led to 2,035 results, allowing for a more comprehensive examination of hate crime prevention strategies pertaining to diverse LGBTQ+ communities. Similarly, when searching for literature on community engagement, police training programs, and LGBTQ+ sensitivity training, the initial search yielded 288 results. To focus on police training courses aimed at increasing LGBTQ+ awareness in public relations, the search was refined to include specific terms, resulting in a narrow set of 85 results. This revision allowed for a more targeted exploration of literature addressing community engagement and LGBTQ sensitivity training within law enforcement contexts. Finally, in Google Scholar, the initial search for "LGBTQ hate crimes law enforcement strategies" returned a substantial 25,700 results. To prioritize hate crime prevention by addressing specific issues of discrimination, the term "discrimination prevention" was added, resulting in a revised set of 20,200 results. This modification aimed to refine the search and facilitate a more focused examination of literature on LGBTQ hate crime prevention strategies within 9 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES law enforcement contexts. From over 25,000 abstracts, 50 confirmed literature pieces were identified, out of which 15 articles were selected for analysis here. These 15 articles were then chosen for full appraisal. Following that, the abstracts were examined for dependability and relevance in relation to the problem and research question, taking into account the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study is based on these articles as its foundation. Every article makes a distinct contribution, resulting in an in-depth and multidimensional strategy to deal with the problem at hand. The abstracts, in particular, provide clarity on how law enforcement personnel react to LGBTQ+ diversity training and the significance of LGBTQ+-affirming strategies (Dwyer, 2019; Israel et al., 2016; Israel et al., 2017). Gauthier et al. (2021) focus on hate crimes against transgender individuals using a community-based approach, while Kutateladze (2022) examines hate crimes targeting Latino LGBTQ+ individuals, offering valuable visions for Canadian law enforcement. While the primary focus of the review is Canada, it also includes observations from other nations, including Australia, the United States, Nigeria, and South Africa. Various articles address topics such as the relationship between police and the LGBTQ+ community during Pride parades, workplace violence in the police force, and the representation of LGBTQ+ individuals as victims of human rights violations. Prejudices among Asian-Australian police recruits, challenges faced by front-line officers in South Africa, and historical victimization of racialized LGBTQ2S+ people in Toronto are also discussed (Holmes, 2021; Hodge & Sexton, 2020; Yankey, 2022; Lunny, 2012; Giwa et al., 2020; Miles-Johnson, 2021; Sichinga, 2022; Giwa & Jackman, 2020; Flores et al., 2022; Perry & Samuels-Wortley, 2021).The selected articles form a solid foundation for the literature review, providing an in-depth analysis of hate crimes against the LGBTQ+ community and recommending actionable steps for Canadian law enforcement to improve their strategies. 10 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES Literature Review The literature review offers an in-depth understanding of law enforcement strategies and responses to hate crimes targeting the LGBTQ+ community across diverse contexts. Through this review, several themes emerged that closely align with the parameters of the research question. These include perceptions and interactions between law enforcement and LGBTQ+ communities, training and education for law enforcement, challenges and complexities in policing LGBTQ+ communities, and institutional factors shaping hate crime policing. There were also themes that emerged consistently and deserve further investigation, but they fell outside the scope of this study. Perceptions and Interactions Between Law Enforcement and LGBTQ+ Communities The relationship between law enforcement and the LGBTQ+ community has long been a source of contention and debate. Holmes (2021) explored this topic by examining the conversation around uniformed police participation in Pride parades. The qualitative study reveals varying viewpoints, emphasising advancements in history as well as continuous worries about police animosity towards LGBTQ+ people who are marginalised. The multifaceted nature of the relationship and the demand for detailed comprehension are highlighted by this research. Dwyer (2019) further complicates this discourse by questioning the feasibility of defining best practices for policing LGBTQ+ communities. Using data from surveys and interviews, Dwyer questions presumptions about improving police services and highlights the discomfort that comes with them. Dwyer's critical analysis highlights the difficulties and ambiguities surrounding the matter, even as it acknowledges the significance of strengthening ties between the police and the LGBTQ+ community. Hodge and Sexton (2020) provide a thorough examination of the difficulties LGBTQ+ communities encounter when interacting with law enforcement. They use a participatory action research framework 11 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES to incorporate LGBTQ+ individuals' voices into recommendations for improvement. Their study highlights how law enforcement agencies need to improve their community engagement, training, and communication. These studies collectively highlight the multifaceted nature of the relationship between law enforcement and LGBTQ+ communities. While Holmes (2021) underscores the divergent perspectives within the LGBTQ+ community itself, Dwyer (2019) challenges the notion of best practices, and Hodge and Sexton (2020) advocate for a participatory approach to address challenges. There is consensus on the importance of understanding the complexities involved and the need for inclusive strategies to improve police-LGBTQ+ relationships. A topic of discussion that comes up is how much police presence at Pride parades influences LGBTQ+ people's perceptions, both positively and negatively. While Holmes looks into this matter, more research could be conducted into the effects of different ways that the police interact with LGBTQ+ events. These three articles highlight the complex ways in which the LGBTQ+ community perceives the role played by law enforcement. While historical progress is acknowledged, ongoing concerns about police hostility remain, indicating a complex landscape of viewpoints. The literature agrees that there are difficulties in improving police-LGBTQ+ relationships. These difficulties call for critical thought and preventative action and range from systemic problems within law enforcement organisations to historical tensions. Recognizing the myriad challenges encountered by LGBTQ+ communities, there is consensus on the importance of adopting an intersectional approach. This method recognizes the existence of multiple social identities held by individuals that intersect to produce distinct experiences of marginalization and discrimination. These identities include race, gender, sexual orientation, class, and ability. By addressing the interconnectedness of privilege and oppression, an intersectional approach essentially aims to make sure that efforts to support 12 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES LGBTQ+ communities are inclusive and attentive to the varied realities that they must navigate (Holmes, 2021; Dwyer, 2019; Hodge & Sexton, 2020). It is considered imperative for policymaking and practice to acknowledge the multiplicity of identities and experiences that comprise the LGBTQ+ spectrum. There is disagreement over how broadly the studies' conclusions can be applied, despite the fact that they offer relevant details. There are concerns regarding the recommendations' generalizability to different settings, including Canada, given their focus on particular contexts like Vancouver or a Midwestern city (Holmes, 2021; Hodge & Sexton, 2020). There is a gap in understanding the effectiveness of specific strategies, such as training programs, in improving police-LGBTQ+ interactions. In order to improve evidence-based practices, future research might concentrate on objectively assessing these initiatives' results. Further research is required to fully understand the perspectives of LGBTQ+ people living in marginalised communities, especially those from intersectional backgrounds, even though the literature already highlights the value of community involvement. To combat LGBTQ+, hate crimes in Canada, evidence-based policies and practices must be informed by an empirical evaluation of suggested recommendations. It will be possible to develop a more sophisticated understanding of tactics to prevent LGBTQ+ hate crimes in Canada by addressing these discussions and gaps. Training and Education for Law Enforcement The study by Israel et al. (2017) looks at the reactions of law enforcement officials to diversity training with an LGBTQ+ focus. It draws attention to issues with law enforcement culture by identifying resistance and receptiveness among officers. The study emphasises the value of effective diversity training but also notes its drawbacks, including its requirement for training and dependence on scribes. Israel et al. (2016), in contrast, concentrate on LGBTQ+- 13 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES affirming strategies developed by law enforcement officers. They stress how important it is for officers to receive specialised training and participate in scenario-based discussions in order to enhance their capacity to interact with the LGBTQ+ community. The study's drawbacks, however, are its reliance on self-reported methods and largely homogenous sample. According to Giwa et al. (2020), there is a detrimental effect that laws and police actions that discriminate against LGBTIQ+ people have on their own safety. Their findings highlight the necessity of tackling systemic issues within law enforcement through education and awareness programmes, even though they do not specifically focus on training. However, the direct applicability of Canadian law enforcement strategies to the Nigerian context is limited due to their specificity. The Canadian hate crime police system, including the variables affecting police actions, is thoroughly examined by Perry and Samuels-Wortley (2021). They list the organisational, individual, and environmental factors that influence hate crime policing and stress the significance of well-thought-out legislation and training. However, the study's narrow geographical focus on Ontario may limit its generalizability. Bryan (2019) examines how racial hate crimes are policed in the Greater Toronto Area, emphasising how difficult it is to define hate crimes in the context of legal procedures. The study emphasises the larger difficulties in hate crime policing and the need for better training and policy frameworks, even though it does not specifically address LGBTQ+ issues. Law enforcement needs to be better educated and trained on LGBTQ+ issues, and Hodge and Sexton (2020) stress the importance of community involvement and enhanced communication. The community is consulted because of their participatory approach, but the recommendations are not empirically evaluated. Scholars unanimously agree on the importance of law enforcement training and education in combating LGBTQ+ hate crimes. Training initiatives that are successful can 14 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES improve police awareness of LGBTQ+ issues and increase their ability to respond to hate crimes. While acknowledging the value of training, academics also point out a number of difficulties and restrictions. Among these are the limitations of using self-reporting to evaluate training outcomes, the requirement for specialised training, and doubts regarding the effectiveness of making training mandatory (Israel et al., 2016). In all this literature, there is a consensus on the necessity of comprehensive approaches to training, incorporating scenariobased discussions, community input, and clear policy directives. It is necessary to conduct an empirical assessment and take contextual factors into account for these approaches to be effective. Scholars debate whether findings are generalizable across different contexts. Some studies focus on specific regions or countries, while others provide a broader perspective. To address this gap, recommendations tailored to specific contexts must be balanced with more general guidelines that can be used in a variety of situations. There is some disagreement about the empirical evaluation of training programmes. Some studies stress the importance of thorough evaluation, while others place more emphasis on recommendations without considering how they would actually affect practice. In order to support evidence-based training practices, future research should give priority to empirical assessments. The necessity of inclusive representation in training programmes is another contentious issue. While scholars stress the value of varied viewpoints, they also acknowledge that law enforcement agencies face difficulties in implementing this. Future research should look into methods for increasing inclusivity in training environments (Israel et al., 2016, 2017; Hodge & Sexton, 2020; Perry & Samuels-Wortley, 2021; Giwa et al., 2020). In conclusion, strategies to prevent LGBTQ+ hate crimes in Canada must include training and education for law enforcement. There are disagreements and gaps concerning generalizability, empirical evaluation, and inclusive representation, even though academics agree on the significance of training. To improve law enforcement's response to LGBTQ+- 15 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES related offences, it will be imperative to address these issues in order to create inclusive and effective training programmes. Challenges and Complexities in Policing LGBTQ+ Communities The difficulties and complexities that come with policing LGBTQ+ communities are numerous and closely connected to organisational, societal, and personal elements (Perry & Samuels-Wortley, 2021). Dwyer (2019) highlights how challenging it is to establish and put into effect best practices for law enforcement's dealings with the LGBTQ+ community. The study highlights the unease and doubts encountered when trying to improve police services for the LGBTQ+ community by using qualitative research as a source. This critical analysis emphasises the necessity of sensitive strategies that take into account the complexity of LGBTQ+-police relationships. Building on Dwyer's (2019) observations, Israel et al. (2016) explore the particular methods that law enforcement personnel use to interact with the LGBTQ+ community, especially when it comes to hate crimes. By using qualitative methods, they draw attention to the significance of LGBTQ+-affirming strategies and officer training. Despite the fact that the study provides practical guidance, the majority of white, heterosexual male participants raises doubts about the applicability of the findings to a more diverse group of law enforcement personnel. Turning the focus to the response to hate crimes in Canada, Bryan (2019) investigates how police responses to hate crimes in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) are influenced by police commitments to racial and cultural diversity. The critical race perspective in the study clarifies institutional dynamics within law enforcement organisations by highlighting the challenges in identifying and combating hate crimes. However, the study's reliance on police perspectives without taking into account victim or community perspectives may limit its 16 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES overall understanding. In particular, Kutateladze (2022) looks into the reporting of hate crimes and victimisation of LGBTQ+ Latine immigrants in Miami. It provides information on reporting patterns and differences between various subgroups. While the study contains useful information, limitations such as low response rates and potential selection bias highlight the importance of cautious interpretation. In fact, Sichinga (2022) research offers fascinating data about the particular difficulties encountered by South African law enforcement agencies. Examining how institutional and societal cultures interact with practical realities, the study provides a thorough grasp of the challenges associated with policing LGBTQ+ communities. When drawing conclusions and formulating plans to counteract LGBTQ+ hate crimes, it is crucial to take into account the particular dynamics and settings that exist in Canada. Across these studies, a consensus emerges regarding the complex nature of policing LGBTQ+ communities. There are undoubtedly difficulties in establishing best practices, putting LGBTQ+-affirming strategies into action, addressing institutional biases, and encouraging the reporting of hate crimes. Even though each study provides comprehensive data, there remain a few crucial gaps that need to be filled. These include the need for more varied participant samples, the inclusion of victim and community perspectives, and an investigation into the long-term efficacy of adopted strategies. However, there are significant research gaps, including a lack of focus on specific subgroups within the LGBTQ+ community, such as transgender people, and a lack of a thorough examination of the effectiveness of implemented tactics in real-world scenarios. Furthermore, more research is required to fully understand the perspectives and experiences of the community with policing, even though certain studies point out difficulties within law enforcement organisations. The applicability of findings from particular contexts to larger populations, the relative significance of various factors influencing policing outcomes, and the efficacy of 17 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES different strategies in addressing hate crimes targeting LGBTQ+ people are among the topics that academics may disagree on. There may also be talks about how institutional culture and societal attitudes, for example, are structural factors that influence the methods and results of police (Bryan, 2019). As a result, regardless of whether the current body of research provides an understanding of the difficulties and complexities of policing LGBTQ+ communities, it will be crucial to address gaps in knowledge and improve key areas like sample representativeness, methodological approaches, and policy implications in order to develop effective strategies to prevent LGBTQ+ hate crimes in Canada (Kutateladze, 2022; Sichinga, 2022). Institutional Factors Shaping Hate Crime Policing According to Perry and Samuels-Wortley (2021), organisational factors are a major influence on how hate crime policing is carried out. The efficacy of responses in police services is heavily influenced by leadership, policy directives, and communication channels. In order to improve hate crime interventions, the study highlights how crucial it is to have explicit policy directives and encourage proactive communication between law enforcement and prosecutors. However, there appears to be variation in the breadth and specificity of antihate crime policies among police departments, suggesting that standardisation and clarification are required. In contrast to the emphasis on policy and communication, Bryan (2019) offers a critical perspective on how commitments to racial and cultural diversity within law enforcement institutions influence hate crime responses. Police practices may prioritise other concerns, such as upholding investigative neutrality and institutional reputation, over diversity, even though hate crime policies may place a strong emphasis on it. This draws attention to a possible conflict between institutional commitments to diversity and the practical operationalization of hate crime enforcement. 18 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES To further elaborate, Sichinga (2022) looks into the varied interactions among societal, institutional, and individual factors that affect the South African Police Service (SAPS) in relation to hate crimes against the LGBTQ community. This study points out how formal policies may require equal treatment, but informal cultural norms and personal beliefs frequently shape officers' discretion in practice. It underscores the necessity of adopting comprehensive strategies to deal with training, distribution of resources, and organisational culture change. The diverse range of institutional factors influencing hate crime policing is widely acknowledged by academics, despite differences in viewpoints. The way law enforcement agencies respond to hate crimes is influenced by a variety of factors, including leadership, policy directives, communication channels, and dedication to diversity. As important tactics for improving hate crime interventions emerge, policy standardisation, proactive communication, and cultural change within organisations emerge (Perry & Samuels-Wortley, 2021). One significant gap in the literature by Perry and Samuels-Wortley (2021) is the narrow geographic focus on Ontario, which might not accurately reflect hate crime policing strategies across Canada. As Bryan (2019) points out, there is also a need for more research into the viewpoints of impacted communities and victims of hate crimes. Moreover, even though the studies offer comprehensive evaluations of institutional dynamics, no concrete suggestions are made for enhancing police responses to hate crimes, which leaves open the possibility of policy reform. In order to effectively combat LGBTQ+ hate crimes in Canada, it is imperative that more thorough and inclusive research methodologies be employed, as well as practical recommendations be developed for policy and practice. This literature review concludes by highlighting important discoveries that improve Canadian law enforcement tactics against hate crimes committed by LGBTQ+ people. It highlights how important it is to make training, community involvement, and institutional 19 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES reforms better. Even though there has been progress, tackling these complexities calls for continued investigation, teamwork, and a dedication to promoting inclusive and adaptable police techniques. To effectively combat hate crimes targeting the LGBTQ+ community, a multifaceted approach is necessary. Discussion The thorough literature review reveals the complexities of law enforcement strategies and responses to hate crimes against the LGBTQ+ community. Several significant findings are revealed by examining a number of themes, including perceptions and interactions, training and education, policing challenges, and institutional factors. These findings not only clarify current problems but also open doors for future improvements in Canadian law enforcement procedures. The findings highlight a significant gap in Canadian law enforcement's targeted initiatives against LGBTQ+ hate crimes, which lack depth and comprehensive approaches. One major issue that has been noted is that officers' ignorance of LGBTQ+ issues make it more difficult to respond to these types of crimes effectively. The relationship between law enforcement and the LGBTQ+ community is multifaceted, with historical tensions and ongoing challenges. Holmes (2021) reveals a range of LGBTQ+ perspectives on police participation in Pride parades, highlighting complex relationships between the police and the community. Due to varying LGBTQ+ perspectives, the presence of uniformed officers raises questions about inclusivity versus hostility (Holmes, 2021; Kutateladze, 2022; Giwa et al., 2021). Dwyer (2019) highlights the intricacies and absence of established optimal methodologies for policing LGBTQ+ communities, whereas Hodge and Sexton (2020) support comprehensive, community-focused approaches that acknowledge the intricacies of LGBTQ+ identities and embrace variety in law enforcement perspectives. This emphasises 20 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES the need for sophisticated law enforcement techniques as well as community outreach plans (Holmes, 2021; Kutateladze, 2022; Giwa et al., 2021; Dwyer, 2019; Hodge & Sexton, 2020). The officers are not adequately trained to deal with these cases in a sensitive and efficient manner because the current training programmes are either considered inadequate or insufficient. The analysis emphasises how critical it is for law enforcement organisations to have specialised training programmes designed to address LGBTQ+ issues. These programmes should cover a range of subjects, including effective communication techniques, identifying hate crimes, gender identities and diverse sexual orientations, and cultural competency. The literature unanimously emphasizes the significance of training and education in addressing LGBTQ+ hate crimes. While some studies highlight the value of diversity training (Israel et al., 2017), others stress the need for LGBTQ+-affirming strategies and scenario-based discussions (Israel et al., 2016). However, there are concerns regarding the generalizability of the findings and the need for more empirical evaluations of training outcomes. Furthermore, the inclusion of diverse perspectives in training programs remains a challenge that needs to be addressed (Hodge & Sexton, 2020). These findings underscore the necessity of focused initiatives designed to address the particular issues that the LGBTQ+ community faces, such as discrimination and hate crimes. The complexities of policing LGBTQ+ communities are evident in the intersectional dynamics of institutional, societal, and personal factors (Yankey, 2022). Articles by Dwyer (2019) and Hodge and Sexton (2020) pointed out the importance of participatory approaches, intersectional perspectives, and partnerships between law enforcement and LGBTQ+ organisations. Challenges include establishing best practices, addressing institutional biases, and encouraging hate crime reporting (Perry & Samuels-Wortley, 2021). Despite comprehensive evaluations, gaps exist in understanding the perspectives of impacted communities and victims of hate crimes. Future research should strive for more inclusive 21 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES methodologies and practical recommendations for policy and practice (Bryan, 2019). Israel et al. (2016) emphasized the vital role of comprehensive training programs, which should encompass legal, procedural, socio-cultural, and historical dimensions of LGBTQ+ issues. Mandatory for all law enforcement members, these programs should be regularly updated to reflect evolving laws and societal norms. By encouraging reporting and raising awareness of LGBTQ+ hate crimes, community outreach strengthens networks of support and understanding (Gauthier et al., 2021). Putting victim voices first and keeping thorough records is essential to creating inclusive prevention plans. According to Hodge and Sexton (2020), successful implementation requires collaborative approaches with law enforcement that acknowledge the expertise of the LGBTQ+ community. The findings support the implementation of evidence-based policies to improve LGBTQ+ safety by addressing systemic issues. To effectively combat hate crimes and ensure comprehensive protection for the LGBTQ+ community, policies must be examined for fairness, inclusivity, and sensitivity. This calls for comprehensive strategies that include community engagement, specialised training, and inclusive policies to build trust and collaboration with LGBTQ+ individuals (Perry & Samuels-Wortley, 2021; Yankey, 2022; Miles-Johnson, 2021). Therefore, developing trustworthy relationships and including community members in decision-making processes are two tactics law enforcement agencies can employ to better serve the needs of the LGBTQ+ community. Organisational factors such as leadership, policy directives, and a commitment to diversity play a critical role in shaping hate crime policing. To guarantee uniformity amongst police forces, however, uniform anti-hate crime policies are desperately needed (Perry & Samuels-Wortley, 2021). There is still a lack of knowledge regarding hate crime policing outside of particular contexts and community viewpoints, despite substantial research (Bryan, 2019). Thus, in order to create environments that are conducive to effectively addressing hate 22 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES crimes, it is imperative that policies and practices prioritise diversity and inclusivity (Perry & Samuels-Wortley, 2021). Adequate funding, staff, and continuous learning are necessary for the fight against LGBTQ+ hate crimes. The findings highlight the importance of standardising training, establishing LGBTQ+ liaisons in police departments, and incorporating sensitivity training. It is critical to promote diversity among law enforcement officers. Creating liaison positions and hiring LGBTQ+ officers are examples of initiatives that improve communication and trust within the community (Hodge & Sexton, 2020; Israel et al., 2016; Israel et al., 2017). Some police departments have created LGBTQ+ liaison positions to encourage community involvement and support. Liaison officers participate in community events and are readily available as contacts for LGBTQ+ persons reporting crimes (Hodge & Sexton, 2020). To accurately assess the scope and nature of the issue, allocate funds, and develop policies based on evidence, it is important to improve the processes for gathering and sharing information about hate crimes committed against LGBTQ+ people. This requires educating law enforcement officials on recognising and recording LGBTQ+-related bias indicators, in addition to making sure that mechanisms for reporting hate crimes are easily accessible, private, and culturally aware (Bryan, 2019). Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach. In order to create safe spaces where victims feel comfortable coming forward to report incidents, law enforcement agencies must work to develop trust and rapport with LGBTQ+ individuals and communities. This calls for the creation of reporting procedures that are inclusive of LGBTQ+ people and culturally competent, as well as the provision of victim-specific support services. 23 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES Recommendations After analysing and debating various approaches to preventing hate crimes against the LGBTQ+ community in Canada, a number of recommendations are made to fill in knowledge gaps, suggest further studies, and offer possible measures that public safety and law enforcement agencies can take. The most important one is to implement comprehensive LGBTQ+ sensitivity training. It is crucial to improve officers' awareness of LGBTQ+ issues through specialised training programmes, given the complexity of hate crimes directed towards the LGBTQ+ community. Drawing on research such as Holmes (2021) and Israel et al. (2017), which emphasise the importance of tailored diversity training, Canadian law enforcement agencies should create comprehensive LGBTQ+ sensitivity training modules. Some of the subjects that these programmes ought to address include intersectionality, historical contexts, LGBTQ+ identities, and the effects of hate crimes on the community. All law enforcement personnel should be required to complete training, which should be updated frequently to take into account changing legal and social norms. The inclusion of intersectionality in training is a further recommendation. Drawing from the research conducted by Hodge and Sexton (2020), law enforcement training ought to embrace an intersectional perspective in order to effectively tackle the multifarious experiences of members of the LGBTQ+ community. Understanding intersectionality means acknowledging how oppressive systems and overlapping identities affect the victims of hate crimes. Officers should be trained to identify and respond to the intersections of LGBTQ+ people's identities, such as race, ethnicity, gender identity, and socioeconomic status. Encouraging community involvement and trust is yet another suggestion. Effective hate crime prevention and response require strengthening the relationship of trust and cooperation between the LGBTQ+ community and law enforcement. Law enforcement 24 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES agencies should give community engagement initiatives top priority, as suggested by Bryan (2019). These efforts could involve setting up LGBTQ+ liaison officers, setting up community forums, and taking part in Pride parades and other LGBTQ+ events. Building strong bonds with neighbours promotes understanding between people, supports reporting hate crimes, and makes it easier to communicate effectively while conducting investigations. Establishing explicit protocols for hate crimes is another recommendation that cannot be overstated. Law enforcement organisations should create precise procedures and guidelines in order to speed up investigations into hate crimes and guarantee uniform responses. These protocols should specify how to identify, record, and look into hate crimes against the LGBTQ+ community. They should be based on best practices found in literature, such as Flores et al. (2022) and Kutateladze (2022). Furthermore, victim-centred strategies should be highlighted in protocols, giving LGBTQ+ people's safety and wellbeing top priority throughout the criminal justice system. Improving data collection and reporting mechanisms is critical for understanding the prevalence and trends of hate crimes against the LGBTQ+ community (Flores et al., 2022). The collection of aggregated data on hate crimes based on gender identity and sexual orientation needs to be prioritised by law enforcement organisations. When combined with demographic data analysis, this data can help guide evidence-based policy decisions, resource allocation decisions, and focused interventions aimed at preventing hate crimes. Continuous evaluation and assessment of hate crime prevention strategies is critical for identifying areas for improvement and determining the efficacy of interventions. Law enforcement organisations should set up systems for tracking patterns in hate crimes, assessing the effectiveness of training initiatives, and getting input from officers and the LGBTQ+ community. In order to better serve the needs of LGBTQ+ people and address new issues, evaluation results can guide changes to laws, educational programmes, and community 25 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES involvement tactics. Maintaining a step-ahead against new threats and comprehending the shifting nature of victimisation requires funding and encouragement of research on new problems pertaining to hate crimes against the LGBTQ+ community. Future studies should look into issues like hate speech directed towards LGBTQ+ people on the internet, how COVID-19 is affecting the trend of hate crimes, and how well restorative justice strategies work to lessen the harm caused by hate crimes. Law enforcement organisations can obtain important knowledge through research investments that will help them develop evidencebased procedures and policies. These recommendations provide specific steps for Canadian law enforcement agencies to improve their strategies for combating hate crimes against the LGBTQ+ community. Law enforcement can address hate crimes and advance safety and justice for LGBTQ+ people in a more inclusive and responsive manner by placing a higher priority on specialised training, community engagement, data collection, and continuous evaluation. In order to create safer and more equitable communities for all, these recommendations act as a guide for future studies and actions. Conclusion The escalation of hate crimes targeting the LGBTQ+ community in Canada presents a significant challenge despite legislative safeguards, necessitating a comprehensive examination of law enforcement strategies to combat such offenses. The study attempted to answer the pressing question: How can Canadian law enforcement enhance their strategies to combat hate crimes against the LGBTQ+ community in Canada? This study provides a significant new understanding of this complicated problem. Above all, there are a variety of issues and potential improvements in the relationship between law enforcement and the LGBTQ+ community, not to mention historical tensions and current challenges. The findings 26 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES of this study highlight the need for community-centred and nuanced approaches in law enforcement practices, as there are wide differences in the LGBTQ+ community's perceptions of police participation in Pride events. Furthermore, the examination emphasized the vital role that training initiatives and materials play in enhancing law enforcement's understanding of LGBTQ+ concerns and their ability to respond to hate crimes. It became clear that effective strategies required specialised training, scenario-based discussions, and ongoing education. To further combat hate crimes against the LGBTQ+ community, it has been determined that establishing clear hate crime protocols, encouraging community engagement and trust, and expanding data collection and reporting mechanisms are essential. The results offer practical suggestions for Canadian law enforcement agencies, which benefit the fields of public safety and law enforcement. Law enforcement can promote a more inclusive and responsive approach to addressing hate crimes and promoting safety and justice for LGBTQ+ individuals by giving priority to specialised training, community engagement, data collection, and ongoing evaluation. However, it is critical to recognise the limitations of this study. While this study conducted a thorough review of existing literature, the results were limited by the constraints and biases inherent in secondary research methods. Furthermore, the context-specificity and geographic focus of certain studies may limit the broad applicability of the recommendations. In order to expand on the findings of this study, this research suggests a number of areas for future investigation. These include looking into the efficacy of particular training initiatives, looking into new problems like hate speech directed towards LGBTQ+ people on the internet, and analysing how COVID-19 is affecting the trends in hate crimes. Law enforcement agencies can benefit from investing in research and ongoing evaluation to inform evidencebased practices and policy development in combating hate crimes against the LGBTQ+ community. As a result, this study highlights the critical need to address hate crimes against 27 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES the LGBTQ+ community in Canada and provides law enforcement with useful tactics to improve their interventions. Law enforcement can strive to foster safer and more inclusive communities for all individuals, irrespective of sexual orientation or gender identity, through a multifaceted approach prioritizing training, community engagement, and data-driven interventions. 28 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES References Aiello, R. (2023). Facing Calls to Act, Canadian lawmakers note 'rising tide' of Hate and Violence against LGBTQ2S+community.CTVNEWS. https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/facing-calls-to-act-canadian-lawmakers-note-risingtide-of-hate-and-violence-against-lgbtq2s-community-1.6402660 Ashley, F. (2018). Don’t be so hateful: The insufficiency of anti-discrimination and hate crime laws in improving trans well-being. University of Toronto Law Journal, 68(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj.2017-0057 Bryan, T. (2019). Race, Diversity, and the Politics of Hate Crime: An Analysis of Police Response to Racially Motivated Hate Crimes in the Greater Toronto Area. Dwyer, A. (2019). Queering Policing: What is best practice with LGBTQ communities? Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 31(3), 383–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2019.1640172 Flores, A. R., Stotzer, R. L., Meyer, I.H., & Langton, L. L., (2022). Hate crimes against LGBT people: National Crime Victimization Survey, 2017-2019. PLoS ONE 17(12): e0279363. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279363 Gauthier, J., Medina, K., & Dierkhising, C. (2021). Analysis of Hate Crimes in Transgender Communities. Journal of Hate Studies, 17(2), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.33972/jhs.158 Giwa, S. A. O., Logie, C. H., Karki, K. K., Makanjuola, O. F., & Obiagwu, C. E. (2020). Police Violence targeting LGBTIQ+ people in Nigeria: Advancing solutions for a 21st century challenge. Greenwich social work review, 1(1), 36–49. 29 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES Giwa, S., & Jackman, M. C. (2020). Missing persons investigation and police interaction with racialized people who identify as LGBTQ2S+. Independent Civilian Review into Missing Person Investigations. Toronto, ON: Toronto Police Services Board. Giwa, S., Colvin, R. A., Karki, K. K., Mullings, D. V., & Bagg, L. (2021). Analysis of “Yes” responses to uniformed police marching in pride: Perspectives from LGBTQ+ Communities in St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. SAGE Open, 11(2), 21582440211023140. Hodge, J. P., & Sexton, L. (2020). Examining the blue line in the rainbow: The interactions and perceptions of law enforcement among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer communities. Police Practice & Research: An International Journal, 21(3), 246–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2018.1526686 Holmes, A. (2021). Marching with Pride? Debates on Uniformed Police Participating in Vancouver’s LGBTQ Pride Parade. Journal of Homosexuality, 68(8), 1320–1352. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2019.1696107 Israel, T., Bettergarcia, J. N., Delucio, K., Avellar, T. R., Harkness, A., & Goodman, J. A. (2017). Reactions of law enforcement to LGBTQ diversity training. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 28(2), 197–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21281 Israel, T., Harkness, A., Avellar, T. R., Delucio, K., Bettergarcial, J. N., & Goodman, J. A. (2016). LGBTQ-affirming policing: Tactics generated by law enforcement personnel. Journal of Police & Criminal Psychology, 31, 173–181 Israel, T., Harkness, A., Delucio, K., Ledbetter, J. N., & Avellar, T. R. (2014). Evaluation of police training on LGBTQ issues: Knowledge, interpersonal apprehension, and selfefficacy. Journal of Police & Criminal Psychology, 29, 57–67 30 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES Kutateladze, B. L. (2022). Hate crime victimization and reporting within Miami’s queer Latine immigrant population. Law and Human Behavior, 46(6), 429–439. Lunny, A. M. (2012). Victimhood and socio-legal narratives of hate crime against queer communities in Canada, 1985--2003 [ProQuest Information & Learning]. In Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences (Vol. 73, Issue 5–A, p. 1931). Miles-Johnson, T. (2021). Policing between minorities: ‘Asian-Australian’ police recruits and policing of the LGBT community. Police Practice & Research: An International Journal, 22(1), 290–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2020.1722666 Perry, B., & Samuels-Wortley, K. (2021). “We’re Not Where We Should Be”: Enhancing Law Enforcement Responses to Hate Crime. Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice, 63(2), 68–98. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2020-0057 Sichinga, D. L. (2022). The untold stories: An exploration of police views regarding the policing of LGBTQI+ hate crimes in Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (Master's thesis). Faculty of Law. Statistics Canada. (2021). A Statistical Portrait of Canada's diverse LGBTQ2+ communities. The Daily. Accessed at: https: Statist//www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/210615/dq210615a-eng.htm Statistics Canada. (2023). Police-reported hate crime, 2021. The Daily. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/230322/dq230322a-eng.pdf Vipond, E. (2015). Trans rights will not protect us: The limits of equal rights discourse, antidiscrimination laws, and hate crime legislation. Western Journal of Legal Studies, 6(1). 31 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES Yankey, M. K. A. (2022). Intersectional Inequality: An Analysis of Police Culture in a Western Canadian City (Doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta). 32 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES Table 1 Literature Search Database Search Term(s) Search results Initial Search JIBC Library LGBTQ hate crimes AND law EBSCO enforcement strategies 466 Database Criminal Police training programs AND LGBTQ 300 Hate crime prevention AND LGBTQ 4238 Community engagement AND LGBTQ 288 Justice Database sensitivity training Google LGBTQ hate crimes law enforcement Scholar strategies 25,700 Revised Searches Reason for revision JIBC Library LGBTQ hate crimes AND law 100 To improve EBSCO enforcement strategies AND LGBTQ specificity, "LGBTQ Database sensitivity training sensitivity training" was added to the initial, broad search. 33 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES Police training programs AND LGBTQ 240 issues AND discrimination prevention Initial search was too broad; added 'discrimination prevention' to focus on LGBTQ issues, emphasising training programmes that address discrimination. Criminal Hate crime prevention AND (LGBTQ OR Justice LGBT OR LGBTQ+ OR LGBTQ2S+) 2035 Added LGBTQ+ and LGBTQ2S+ Database variations to expand search and include diverse LGBTQ identifiers. Community engagement AND police 85 The initial search training programs AND LGBTQ was overly wide so sensitivity training it was narrowed down to include police training courses for increased LGBTQ awareness in public relations. Google LGBTQ hate crimes law enforcement 20,200 Prioritising hate 34 SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY: CANADIAN POLICE LGBTQ+ STRATEGIES Scholar strategies AND discrimination prevention crime prevention by addressing specific issues, "discrimination prevention" was added after it was initially general. Note. This table shows how search results change depending on the search terms used.