Forensic science and wrongful convictions in Canada: errors, challenges and reforms

Forensic science plays a very significant role in criminal case investigation, but lately, errors in forensic methods and judicial misconceptions have significantly contributed to miscarriages of justice in Canada. The following paper examines how poorly constructed forensic methods, cognitive limitations, and the misuse of forensic data undermine the stability of the judiciary. Despite technological progress, institutional fault rests with poorly validated forensic procedures, lack of standardized regulation, and poor forensic literacy among judges and court staff. Based on the analysis of case studies, peer-reviewed journals, and legal reports, this research identifies major flaws in forensic practice including misinterpretation of forensic probability, expert bias, and inconsistent forensic standards across jurisdictions. The study discovers that forensic evidence is at times considered to be unfailing, leading to over-dependence on unsound forensic practices such as bite mark analysis and microscopic hair comparison. In response to these problems, this study recommends the establishment of a national registry of wrongful convictions, enacting stricter verification processes for forensic techniques, mandating forensic science training for legal professionals, and enhancing independent observation of forensic practice. Ensuring equal access to forensic expertise for defense and enhancing forensic admissibility criteria in courtrooms are also essential steps toward reform. Strengthening the connection between forensic science and legal accountability through interdisciplinary collaboration and policy change will enhance the validity of forensic evidence, minimize forensic errors, and prevent future wrongful convictions in Canada.